Analog delay īefore the invention of audio delay technology, music employing an echo had to be recorded in a naturally reverberant space, often an inconvenience for musicians and engineers. Digital delay effects were developed with the arrival of digital recording. In the 1970s, Jamaican dub reggae producers used delay effects extensively Lee Scratch Perry created "lo-fi sci-fi" effects by using delay and reverb on a mixing console test tone and dub techno producers such as Basic Channel introduced delay to electronic music. The RE-201 was used by acts including Brian Setzer, Bob Marley, Portishead, and Radiohead. By adjusting the controls and tape speed, musicians could create pitch-shifting and oscillated effects. Different effects could be created by enabling different combinations of playback heads. With the Roland RE-201, introduced in 1973, Japanese engineer Ikutaro Kakehashi refined the tape delay to make it more reliable and robust, with reduced tape wear and noise, wow, and flutter, additional controls, and additional tape heads. Another is the Ace Tone EC-1 Echo Chamber. The length of delay is adjusted by changing the distance between the tape record and playback heads. ĭedicated machines for creating tape loops were introduced One example is the Echoplex which uses a tape loop. It is a portable guitar amplifier with a built-in tape echo, which became used widely in country music ( Chet Atkins) and especially in rock and roll ( Scotty Moore). Ī landmark device was the EchoSonic made by American Ray Butts. The length or intensity of the echo effect was adjusted by changing the amount of echo signal was fed back into the signal recorded to tape. The time between echo repeats was adjusted by varying head position or tape speed. An echo machine is the early name for a sound processing device used with electronic instruments to repeat the sound and produce a simulated echo. Tape echo machines contain loops of tape that pass over a record head and then a playback head. Tape echoes became commercially available in the 1950s. The tape mechanism of a Roland RE-201 delay unit According to Sound on Sound, "The character and depth of sound that was produced from tape echo on these old records is extremely lush, warm and wide." Guitarist and instrument designer Les Paul was an early pioneer in delay devices. The effect was used by artists including Elvis Presley (such as on his track " Blue Moon of Kentucky") and Buddy Holly, and became one of Phillips' signatures. Īmerican producer Sam Phillips created a slapback echo effect with two Ampex 350 tape recorders in 1954. This technique was most common among early composers of musique concrète such as Pierre Schaeffer, and composers such as Karlheinz Stockhausen, who had sometimes devised elaborate systems involving long tapes and multiple recorders and playback systems, collectively processing the input of a live performer or ensemble. By shortening or lengthening the loop of tape and adjusting the read-and-write heads, the nature of the delayed echo could be controlled. The first delay effects were achieved using tape loops improvised on reel-to-reel audio tape recording systems. 7.6 Flanging, chorus effect, and reverb.
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